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Method A method refers to the specific techniques, procedures, or tools used to collect and analyze data in a study. It is the practical implementation of research, such as experiments, surveys, or statistical analyses. "Methods are the particular procedures or steps taken to gather and process data in research."
— Creswell, J. W. (2014). Research Design: Qualitative, Quantitative, and Mixed Methods Approaches. Methodology Methodology is the broader framework that justifies the choice and application of methods. It encompasses the theoretical foundations, principles, and rationale behind the research design, including philosophical assumptions (e.g., positivism, interpretivism). "Methodology refers to the strategy or plan of action linking methods to outcomes, grounded in epistemological and ontological assumptions."
— Bryman, A. (2016). Social Research Methods. Key Difference •Method = How data is collected (e.g., PCR for DNA analysis).
•Methodology = Why certain methods are chosen and their theoretical underpinnings (e.g., justifying PCR due to its precision in quantitative genomics).

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